Researchers at the University of Liverpool have urged dog walkers to exercise caution after research revealed dogs are involved in 66 percent of cattle attacks on members of the public.

Dog owners are being urged to remember to be vigilant with their pets when walking near cows in the countryside, following a new review into cattle attacks by the University of Liverpool.

Anecdotal media and hospital reports of cattle causing injury or death to members of the public have existed for many years, but Liverpool researchers said theirs is the first formal investigation into the attacks.

The research project reviewed details of negative interactions between members of the public and cattle, to identify risk factors for cattle attacks, and highlight the availability and usefulness of guidance on walking among livestock.

A total of 54 cattle attacks were reported in the UK media between 1993 and 2013 and, of these, approximately one in four were fatal and two-thirds involved dogs. Walking with dogs and cows with calves were key features of this study; both recognised as risk factors in the published literature, newspaper articles and web pages. Often dogs drew cattle's attention, and owners picked up dogs rather than releasing them.

Dr Carri Westgarth, a dog behaviour expert at the University's Institute of Infection and Global Health, said, "We found that walking with dogs among cows, particularly with calves present, was a common factor for an attack.

"One theory for this is that the cows may feel particularly threatened by dogs, especially if they have young to protect. People then try to protect their dogs, which can lead to a tragic incident occurring."

The researchers looked at published literature, newspaper articles and web pages and concluded that injuries from cattle are a significant and under-reported public health risk.

Dr Marie McIntyre, who co-authored the review, said, "There is currently no official system in place for reporting attacks, so it is highly likely that there have been far more incidents than we know about. Further work is needed to fully assess the public health impact of this issue."

There are approximately 300,000 farms and 9.7 million cattle in the UK. Many public rights of way cross farmland, so while walking people come into contact with livestock, particularly cattle.

Within the various guidelines reviewed, advice of how to behave around cattle and avoid injury were found to vary, in particular concerning control of dogs.

Dr Westgarth added, "The countryside is a great place to exercise dogs, but it's every owner's duty to make sure that their dog is not a danger or nuisance to farm animals, wildlife or other people. Considering our findings, the best advice, if cattle approach, would be to let your dog off the lead, as then it can escape, and the cows are also likely to remove their focus from you."