Farmers face an accelerated level of change with the loss of land-based subsidies. But agricultural businesses can become more adaptable, using new technology and a wider range of skills.

 That's according to speakers at the Central Association of Agricultural Valuers' (CAAV) annual conference in Oxford. Outgoing president, Simon Alden, reminded delegates of secretary and adviser Jeremy Moody's prediction, a year ago, of what lay ahead. This was: 'A generation's change in a decade, fuelled by world events including exit from the EU, the Environment Act, the Agriculture Act, the tragic events that have unfolded in the Ukraine and challenge presented by climate change.'

 "Now, 12 months on, these factors are well and truly playing out in our industry, economy and the world economy, in a period of accelerated change," said Mr Alden. "As an industry and profession, we are all on a steep learning curve to meet these challenges and changes. In doing this, both agricultural and rural businesses can become more adaptable and seek out greater efficiencies and new markets. With new technology and a wider range of skills, we can face this new period with excitement, as we identify new opportunities and returns."

 Defra Minister Mark Spencer MP said it was important to get new environmental land management schemes (ELMs) right. "They work alongside and support food production. Food is the primary purpose of farming and always will be. But sustainable food production in the long term is also dependent on healthy soils, water quality and abundant pollinators.

 "There is something for everyone –different farms, sizes and locations. We are accelerating roll-out of the sustainable farming incentive (SFI) with 19 more actions. The schemes are straightforward to apply for with minimal paperwork. For example, a free vet visit under SFI takes eight minutes to apply for."

 However, NFU president Minette Batters was sceptical. "I think we'll see a lot more bureaucracy than under the Common Agricultural Policy," she said. "Also, we have a massive job to level up on food production with the environment. We have the Environment Act, Environment Improvement Plan, have lost cross compliance and have the law of the land. This is a big game changer. Is the budget enough, is ELMs enough to deliver on the requirements of the Environment Improvement Plan? And what will be the impact of ELMs on food security? It won't benefit it – we're growing crops for the environment."

 Alternatives to schemes, like carbon trading, also had their downsides, warned Mr Moody. "Farming overestimates its role for others but underestimates what it will need to do. There is little value in offsetting – the farm level quantum is too small and value too low. Supply chains will expect farmers to move towards net zero, so why should they give away the easy gains? There could also be unforeseen risks, like woodland which has been sold for carbon credits being eaten by beavers or destroyed by storms," he added.

 When selling carbon assets, farmers should look at the facts of the deal, said Mr Moody. This includes what is being sold and at what price, how fettered the landowner is, and what the terms are. Landowners should also consider the tax consequences and associated costs. "Is it worth it?"

 One area causing concern is Agricultural Property Relief (APR) and how it might apply to environmental use of land. "CAAV and others see the simplest answer is to extend it, as in 1995 for tenancies, based on the model of the Inheritance Tax Act's s.124C for Habitats Regulations."

 The tenanted sector faces its own challenges as area payments disappear, he explained. "Many landlords and tenants may find this daunting, but it also offers opportunities for proficient future farmers. Consider terms and lengths of lettings – for example, a new slurry store scheme may need forward security. There may be opportunities for contract farming and joint ventures."

 Founded to give tenants more access to environmental opportunities, the Rock Report aimed to encourage longer lettings but its proposal to limit APR for Inheritance Tax to lettings of at least eight years would have the opposite effect, according to Mr Moody. "Using our CAAV Land Occupation Survey data, we see little or no gain in eight-year lets. Longer lets would shorten to eight years and other lets would tend to go much shorter, hollowing out the middle ground. We estimate that some 200,000ha would be lost from the sector in the short term and then a longer term reduction from a third of farmland to a fifth. Yet, the proposal cannot achieve its goal without an even more extreme reduction in the let sector."